Intracardiac pumping device

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an intercardiac pump device comprising a pump ( 11 ) whose distal end ( 13 ) is connected to a cannula ( 15 ) which is provided with a suction head ( 16 ) for sucking blood. Said strainer is provided with a non-sucking extension ( 20 ) for stabilizing the position of said pump device in the heart and mechanically prolonging the cannula ( 15 ) without deteriorating hydraulic conditions. Said extension is also used in the form of a spacer in order to avoid that the suction head ( 16 ) adheres to a cardiac wall.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/566,423, which entered the national stage on Jan. 30, 2006 and which is a United States National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2004/008321, filed Jul. 24, 2004, which claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. 10336902.3, filed Aug. 8, 2003, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. International Application No. PCT/EP2004/008321 was published under PCT Article 21(2) in German.

The invention relates to an intracardiac pumping device adapted to be fully inserted into the heart via adjoining vessels to assist the natural cardiac pump function or to replace the same by a continuous pumping operation.

Intracardiac blood pumps inserted percutaneously into a patient's body are highly miniaturized. They comprise a cylindrical drive portion and a cylindrical pump portion. The intake end of the pump portion is provided with a flexible cannula having a suction head with lateral inlet openings at the distal end. Such a pumping device is described in EP 0 916 359 A1 (Impella). Another pumping device conveying in the distal direction is described in WO 99/58170 (Impella). In this pumping device, the pumping portion is prolonged by a flexible cannula adapted to be passed through a cardiac valve. A catheter projects from the distal end of the cannula, at which catheter a balloon is provided which is to be entrained by the blood flow in the body when the pumping device is inserted.

A pumping device that takes in blood through a cannula and then feeds it proximally can be placed such that it leads through the aortic valve, the suction head at the end of the cannula being situated in the left ventricle, while the pump outlet lies in the aorta. The operation of the continually feeding pump is superposed on the pulsating activity of the heart so that the pump is subjected to heavily pulsating pressure variations, in this context it may happen that the pump, together with the associated proximal catheter is subjected to substantial changes in position. During a systole, the catheter is pressed against the outer side of the aortic arch, whereas it is pressed against the inner side thereof during a diastole. Further, the position of the pump varies continuously, which may result in displacements of the cannula passing through the aortic valve and even in an ejection of the cannula which then slips from the cardiac valve into the aorta.

It is another difficulty with such blood pumps that the suction head may adhere to tissue parts inside the heart by suction. This entails the danger of irritations of the heart and, further, the pumping capacity is reduced by the obstruction of inlet openings. Finally, it may happen that the cannula adheres to the mitral valve by suction and an additional damage to the blood is induced by suction.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an intracardiac pumping device for percutaneous insertion that substantially avoids the risk of adhering by suction.

The present pumping device has the features of claim 1. According thereto, a flexible projection is provided at the cannula distal of the inlet openings. The projection forms a mechanical spacer maintaining a distance to neighboring walls, yet does not change the pumping device hydraulically.

Beside the spacing function, the projection has other effects. It increases the mechanical length of the pumping device without increasing the hydraulic length. The increase in mechanical length has the consequence that the pumping device is less likely to slip out through the aortic valve. On the other hand, the hydraulic resistance of the cannula is not increased so that the suction performance is not degraded. It is another effect that the projection essentially reduces the tendency of the pumping device to make pulsating motions caused by cardiac pulsation. The pumping device including the pump and the catheter lies much calmer within the heart, whereby also the danger of an ejection is reduced. In the event that a new insertion is to be allowed after an ejection, the distal projection is preferably configured such that a new retrograde passage of the aortic valve is possible easily and reproducibly.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flexible projection is a hollow tube whose lumen is in communication with that of the cannula. Such a pumping device is suited for use with a guide wire. When inserting the pumping device, the guide wire may be included as a stiffening means. It is also possible to first place the guide wire and to then slip the pumping device over the same. Eventually, an angled tip of the guide wire may also be pushed out from the projection to serve as a pathfinder through the vascular system. Although the lumen of the projection is in communication with the lumen of the cannula, the pump does not suck through the projection. This is because the inlet openings at the suction head have a much larger cross section than the lumen of the projection so that due to the lower flow resistance the suction is affected for the much greater part through the inlet openings. A certain suction effect caused by the lumen of the projection is so small that it is negligible and is not sufficient to cause adherence by suction to other parts. Thus, other than the suction head, the projection is unable to adhere by suction. However, should the lumen of the projection be obstructed for some reason, this has no effects on the hydraulic function of the pump.

The flexible projection may comprise a pigtail tip as known from catheters and stents. The rounded pigtail tip allows for an atraumatical supporting at heart or vessel walls. Moreover, the tip is so soft and flexible that it adapts to any cavity topology by deforming. The pigtail tip also facilitates the insertion and the placing of the pumping device. Specifically, it can be used in combination with a guide wire, the pigtail tip being stretched by the guide wire during insertion. When the pigtail tip is advanced without the guide wire, a simple and reproducible retrograde passage through the aortic valve is still possible. This is of particular importance since the guide wire is removed for the pump to operate and can not be advanced again without having to remove the pump for that purpose. Should the pump be ejected from the left heart due to the systolic cardiac functions, it may be repositioned even without the wire because of the configuration of the flexible projection as a pigtail.

The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawing. The features mentioned in the context of the embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention. The same is defined by the claims.

In the Figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates the pumping device operating in the heart;

FIG. 2 illustrates the pumping device in an unused state;

FIG. 3 shows a section through the suction head with the projection attached thereto;

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment in which the suction head has a flow-shaping inflow funnel; and

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment in which the cannula comprises a second set of inlet openings at the end of the projection.

FIG. 1 illustrates the heart H with the aorta AO branching therefrom. Via the aortic arch 10, the aorta passes into a vertical strand that branches into the femoral artery, among others. The pumping device is percutaneously inserted into the femoral artery in the region of the groin and is advanced to the heart.

The intracardiac pumping device comprises a pump 11 with a proximal end 12 and a distal end 13. The pump 11 has a housing with an outer diameter of 4 mm at most and a length of approximately 15 mm so that the pump can be inserted percutaneously and be operated inside the heart. Larger pumps that can only be inserted surgically must not exceed an outer diameter of 6 mm because of the peripheral vessel diameters.

The proximal end 12 of the pump 11 is connected with a catheter 14 including the electric wires for the operation and the control of the pump 11. The distal end 13 is connected with a cannula 15 which is an elongate flexible hose forming at its distal end a suction head 16 with lateral inlet openings 17. The pump 11 draws blood through the inlet openings 17 of the cannula 15 and pumps the same through the outlet openings 18 provided in the sides of the pump. The pump and the cannula are generally designed as described in EP 0 916 369 A1 (Impella). The cannula 15 is a hose with a length of about 40 to 70 mm, whose wall is formed by a coiled wire provided with a polyurethane coating. The cannula 15 has a certain form stability, yet it is flexible.

According to the invention, the suction head 16 of the cannula 15 is adjoined by a projection 20 that extends the cannula 15 mechanically, but not hydraulically. The projection 20 has a length of 10 to 30 mm. In the present case, it is provided with a pigtail tip 21 to allow for atraumatic support at body tissue.

The solid lines in FIG. 1 represent the extension of the pumping device in the heart H and the aorta AO. The pumping device is placed such that the pump 11 is located in the aorta AO while the suction head 16 lies in the left ventricle LV. The cannula 15 extends through the aortic valve AK. Thus, the pump draws blood from the left ventricle LV and feeds into the aorta AO. Moreover, FIG. 1 shows the left atrium LA and the mitral valve MK.

The pump 11 pumps continuously at a delivery rate of 2 to 3 l/mm. The reaction force tends to pull the pump into the heart. This force is countered by the pumping force of the heart. During the systole, the heart has a fluctuating delivery rate of about 10 l/min. It has been found that the pump moves resulting in a systolic position 25 at the outer side of the aortic arch 10 during the ejection phase of the heart, while, during the filling phase, a diastolic position 26 on the inner side of the aortic arch 10 is obtained. With these movements, the position of the cannula 15 and the suction head 16 also changes. When the suction head 16 comes close to the trabecula structures situated at the wall of the heart, there is a danger of these structures being caught by suction, of an occlusion of the suction head, of an increased damage to the blood and the risk of a hematoma being formed in the cardiac structure.

Adhering by suction is made more difficult by the projection 20 that is supported at the wall of the heart. Further, the projection 20 forms a mechanical extension of the cannula to prevent ejection from the left ventricle and the aortic valve.

As is evident from FIG. 2, the pump 11 comprises a motor part 30 and a pump part 31 arranged axially one behind the other. The pump part 31 includes a housing ring and an impeller driven by the motor and feeding the blood flow in the axial direction, the blood flow being deflected outward radially and exiting laterally from the housing of the pump 11 through the outlet openings 18. The pump part 31 is axially adjoined by the cannula 15 having about the same outer diameter (4 mm) as the pump 11. The suction head 16 with the inlet opening 17 has a length of about 10 to 15 mm. The outlet openings 18 have an area at least as large as the cross-section area of the cannula lumen so that the suction head forms no constriction.

In FIG. 2, the projection 20 is designed as a hollow hose with a continuous lumen 32. The width of this lumen is much smaller than that of the cannula lumen. The lumen 32 serves to pass a guide wire 33 therethrough to facilitate the insertion of the pumping device into the body. The guide wire 33 extends the projection 20 if the same has a preformed bend. The guide wire may also have a soft flexible bent tip protruding from the distal end of the projection 20 and serving as a pathfinder through the vascular system. The guide wire 33 leads into the pump 11, through the pump part 31 and out from an outlet opening 18. It is then guided along the outside of the catheter 14. After the pumping device has been placed, the guide wire is withdrawn.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the cannula 15 has a preformed bend 34 that also serves to better find the path.

FIG. 3 illustrates the distal end of the cannula 15 with the suction head 16. The suction head 16 comprises the longitudinal inlet openings 17. At its end, a ball 36 is provided into which a hollow pin 37 is inserted and welded. This pin 37 serves as a connecting element for the projection 20, which in the present case is provided with a pigtail tip 21. The lumen 32 of the projection 20 extends through the pin 37 and the ball 36 into the suction head 16. Here, the outer diameter of the projection 20 is smaller than that of the cannula 15.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment in which the suction head 16 includes an inflow funnel 41 in an expansible suction basket 40. The suction basket 40 is made from a material able to restore itself, for example, or it is expanded by a balloon. In the expanded state, the suction basket 40 has an outer diameter larger than that of the cannula 15. Thus, the suction basket 40 is expanded from its initial 4 mm to a diameter of about 6 mm. Here, the inflow funnel 41 is spanned from a flexible polymer screen that allows for a smooth inflow and substantially increases the hydraulic capacity of the pump by reducing the hydraulic losses.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the cannula 15 has a two-stage design. It is provided with first inlet openings 17 forming the main inlet. Distal of the inlet openings 17, the projection 20 follows that, in the present case, has the same outer diameter and the same lumen diameter as the cannula 15. In the distal end portion of the projection 20, further lateral auxiliary openings 44 are provided that serve as auxiliary openings. No suction head is provided, here. The distal end of the cannula is closed by a rounded end wall 45 with a passage for a guide wire 33.

The pumping device of FIG. 5 is slipped over the guide wire 33 that passes through the impeller part 33 of the pump 11 and exits laterally from an outlet opening 18. After the pumping device has been positioned, the guide wire 33 is withdrawn in the proximal direction. The operation of the pump 11 causes blood to be drawn through the inlet openings 17. Due to the higher flow resistance of the projection 20 and the auxiliary openings 44, only the inlet openings 17 exert a suction effect, while the projection 20 has practically no hydraulic effect. Only when the inlet openings 17 adhere by suction or are clogged in another way, will the auxiliary openings 44 become effective. The projection 20 has an angled part 46. Its lumen is in communication with that of the cannula 15. The projection has a flexibility that is preferably higher than that of the cannula 15. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An intracardiac percutaneous blood pump comprising: a catheter having an outer diameter and proximal and distal regions; a cannula coupled to the distal region of the catheter and configured to extend across a heart valve, the cannula comprising an expansible suction head with a blood inlet and having an initial state with a first outer diameter and an expanded state with a second outer diameter, the second outer diameter being larger than the first outer diameter and the outer diameter of the catheter; an impeller for pumping blood into the blood inlet; and a flexible atraumatic projection coupled to the expansible suction head, the flexible atraumatic projection being positioned distal to the expansible suction head and being configured to space the blood inlet away from interior heart walls; wherein the flexible atraumatic projection has a fixed outer diameter when the expansible suction head is in the initial state and retains that fixed outer diameter when the expansible suction head is in the expanded state.
 2. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the catheter, cannula, and flexible atraumatic projection share a common longitudinal axis.
 3. The blood pump of claim 2, wherein the fixed outer diameter of the flexible atraumatic projection is smaller than the second outer diameter of the expansible suction head.
 4. The blood pump of claim 3, wherein the expansible suction head includes a plurality of flexible struts that couple the expansible suction head to the flexible atraumatic projection.
 5. The blood pump of claim 4, wherein the plurality of flexible struts are self-expandable from the initial state into the expanded state.
 6. The blood pump of claim 5, wherein the expansible suction head includes a blood outlet positioned between the distal region of the catheter and the blood inlet.
 7. The blood pump of claim 5 wherein, in the expansible suction head's expanded state, the flexible struts are spaced apart from each other to form openings between the flexible struts, and wherein the openings comprise the blood inlet.
 8. The blood pump of claim 7, comprising a flexible polymer screen spanning between the plurality of flexible struts.
 9. The blood pump of claim 8 wherein, in the expansible suction head's expanded state, the expanded struts and flexible polymer screen form a funnel for directing blood flow into the expansible suction head.
 10. The blood pump of claim 8, wherein the flexible struts have a first proximal end and a first distal end, with a first length extending therebetween, and the flexible polymer screen has a second proximal end and a second distal end with a second length that extends between the second proximal and distal ends, and wherein the second length is less than the first length.
 11. The blood pump of claim 10, wherein the flexible struts in the expanded state form a bulge having a proximal ascending side, a distal descending side and an apex disposed between the proximal ascending and distal descending sides, and wherein the flexible struts on the distal descending side connect to the flexible atraumatic tip.
 12. The blood pump of claim 11, wherein the flexible struts on the distal descending side connect to the flexible atraumatic projection at a cylindrical hub.
 13. The blood pump of claim 11, wherein the distal end of the polymer screen extends along the proximal ascending side of the bulge to an axial position proximal of the apex.
 14. The blood pump of claim 11, wherein the flexible polymer screen covers a proximal portion of the bulge.
 15. The blood pump of claim 7, wherein the cannula has proximal and distal regions, and wherein the expansible suction head is disposed at a distal region of the cannula, and the proximal region of the flexile cannula couples to the catheter and has an outer diameter that is substantially non-expanding.
 16. The blood pump of claim 15, wherein the blood outlet is disposed within the cannula.
 17. The blood pump of claim 7, wherein the blood outlet is positioned distal of the impeller.
 18. The blood pump of claim 7, wherein the flexible struts are flared and converge in a hub.
 19. The blood pump of claim 18, wherein the hub connects the flexible struts and the flexible atraumatic projection.
 20. The blood pump of claim 19, wherein the hub is cylindrical. 